【定语从句中which的用法】which定语从句的用法

时间:2019-05-29 GMAT 点击:

【www.shhhjz.cn--GMAT】

  学英语,一大痛点在定语从句,which就是痛中之痛之一。which是定语从句的关系代词之一。GMAT语法考试限定,which有且仅有两种用法。

  一、which前面有逗号,逗号前面是个名词,which就近指代那个名词。

  (1) Tankfield emailed Pea some photos, which did not cheer Pea up.

  which就近指代photos,定语从句中谓语动词did not cheer (Pea up)的发出者即从句主语即先行词photos,是photos没让豌豆家属高兴起来。

  (2) Tankfield emailed Pea some photos, which Pea did not find interesting.

  which就近指代photos,photos是定语从句中的宾语,把定语从句还原成一个完整句就是Pea did not find the photos interesting.

  可以看到,上面两个句子都可以以that为关系代词改写,即

  (1)Tankfield emailed Pea some photos that did not cheer Pea up.

  (2)Tankfield emailed Pea some photos that Pea did not find interesting.

  改写与原版区别在哪儿?就在一个逗号。which前面是名词,名词和which之间没逗号的,在GMAT语法里算错。

  二、which前面是介词,介词前面是名词,which就近指代介词前的那个名词,名词和介词之间有无逗号均可。

  Tankfield once lent Pea a book from which Pea glimpsed the basics of genes.

  这个句子可以“拆”成如下两句:(每个定语从句都可以拆成两句,以先行词为拆分点)

  (1)Tankfield once lent Pea a book.

  (2)Pea glimpsed the basics of genes from the book.

  先行词实际上是定语从句中介词的宾语,这时,需要把介词提前,避免如下表达:

  (1)Tankfield once lent Pea a book, which Pea glimpsed the basics of genes from. (XXX)

  (2)Tankfield once lent Pea a book that Pea glimpsed the basics of genes from. (XXX)

  上中学的时候学过,which引导的定语从句叫“非限制性定语从句”,是不是?它怎么就“非限制性”了?回顾上述GMAT语法规定which有且仅有的两种用法,which指的都是就近的名词,从句其实还是限制性的。

  所谓非限制性呢,是说which指逗号之前一套主谓所描述的情况,以逗号前的一个完整句为先行词。比如:

  (1)Tankfield might never care to say Happy Birthday to Pea, which was rather sad.

  (2)Tankfield might never care to say Happy Birthday to Pea, which Pea did not refuse to acknowledge to herself any more.

  注意,这样的非限制性定语从句在GMAT语法中是不成立的,关于which,GMAT语法考试只认可上述两种限制性用法。那么,在GMAT语法考试规则范围内,用什么方法能够表达出原来学过的非限制性定语从句的意思来呢?

  分成两句或做出同位语来都是可以的,当然,需要先找出一个名词把原来非限制性定语从句的先行词(即那个完整的句子)概括出来。

  一、分成两句

  Tankfield might never care to say Happy Birthday to Pea. The fact was rather sad.

  Tankfield might never care to say Happy Birthday to Pea. Pea did not refuse to acknowledge the fact to herself any more.

  二、做同位语

  Tankfield might never care to say Happy Birthday to Pea, the fact, rather sad,beingwhat Pea did not refuse to acknowledge to herself any more.

  考题及答案解析:

  [考题1]

  Youcanfindwhateveryouneedattheshoppingcentre,____isalwaysbusyattheweekend.

  A.thatB.whereC.whatD.which

  [答案]D

  [解析]引导一个非限定性定语从句修饰theshoppingcentre,应选用D选项中的关系代词which,which在该定语从句中充当主语。

  [考题2]

  York,____lastyear,isaniceoldcity.(2003北京)

  A.thatIvisitedB.whichIvisited

  C.whereIvisitedD.inwhichIvisited

  [答案]B

  [解析]引导一个非限定性定语从句修饰York,在定语从句中充当及物动词visit的宾语,应选用B选项中的关系代词which。

  [考题3]

  Hepaidtheboy$10forwashingtenwindows,mostof____hadn’tbeencleanedforatleastayear.

  A.theseB.thoseC.thatD.which

  [答案]D

  [解析]引导一个非限定性定语从句修饰windows,在定语从句中充当介词of的宾语,应选用D选项中的关系代词which。

  [考题4]

  Theownerofthecinemaneededtomakealotofimprovementsandemploymorepeopletokeepitrunning,____meantspendingtensofthousandsofpounds.(2006江苏)

  A.whoB.thatC.asD.which

  [答案]D

  [解析]引导一个非限定性定语从句修饰整个主句“theownerofthecinemaneededtomakealotofimprovementsandemploymorepeopletokeepitrunning”所表示的情况,应选用C选项中的关系代词which,在该定语从句中充当主语。

  [考题5]

  Dorothywasalwaysspeakinghighlyofherroleintheplay,____,ofcourse,madetheothersunhappy.

  A.whoB.whichC.thisD.what

  [答案]B

  [解析]引导一个非限定性定语从句修饰整个主句“Dorothywasalwaysspeakinghighlyofherroleintheplay”所表示的情况,应选用B选项中的关系代词which,在该定语从句中充当主语。

  [考题6]

  Theresultoftheexperimentwasverygood,____wehadn’texpected.

  A.when B.thatC.whichD.what

  [答案]C

  [解析]引导一个非限定性定语从句修饰整个主句“theresultoftheexperimentwasverygood”所表示的情况,应选用C选项中的关系代词which,在该定语从句中充当及物动词expect的宾语。

  [考题7]

  TheEnglishplay____mystudentsactedattheNewYear’spartywasagreatsuccess.

  A.forwhichB.atwhichC.inwhichD.onwhich

  [答案]C

  [解析]表示“在英语剧中”应用介词in,因此在修饰先行词play的限定性定语从句中也应用介词in与指代先行词play的关系代词which连用,本题只能选C。注意:本题中which充当置于定语从句中最前面的介词in的宾语(inwhich在整个定语从句中充当状语)。

  [考题8]

  Isawawomanrunningtowardmeinthedark.BeforeIcouldrecognizewhoshewas,shehadrunbackinthedirection____shehadcome.

  A.ofwhichB.bywhichC.inwhichD.fromwhich

  [答案]D

  [解析]表示“从他来的方向跑回去”,应选用介词from。下划线处是引导修饰direction的定语从句。

  [考题9]

  Frank’sdreamwastohavehisownshop____toproducetheworkingsofhisownhands.

  A.thatB.inwhichC.bywhichD.how

  [答案]B

  [解析]题干句意为:Frank的梦想是拥有一家可以生产自己的手工制品的商店。inwhich相当于intheshop的含义,最适合引导定语从句。

  [考题10]

  Iwasgiventhreebooksoncooking,thefirst____Ireallyenjoyed.

  A.ofthatB.ofwhichC.thatD.which

  [答案]B

  [解析]ofwhich表示thefirstofthreebooks的含义,介词of不可以省略,that不可以紧跟介词后引导定语从句,因此应选B。

  [考题11]

  Hewaseducatedatalocalgrammarschool,____hewentontoCambridge.

  A.fromwhichB.afterthatC.afterwhichD.fromthis

  [答案]C

  [解析]this不能引导定语从句修饰前面的school,介词后的关系代词不能是that(“考点72:that引导的定语从句的用法”中将有此考点的具体介绍),因此应排除选项B和D;由于此处which指代前面整个主句,全句意为“他在当地的一所语法学校接受教育之后,又去了剑桥。”,介词应选用after,因此应进一步排除选项A而选出C。

  附:定语从句中的that和which用法区别

  1、先行若是不定代,that就把which踹

  春惊春清谷天,夏满芒夏暑相连,秋处露秋寒霜降,冬雪雪冬小大寒。上半年是六廿一,下半年来八廿三,每月两节日期定,最多相差一二天。当先行词为anything, everything, nothing, all, any, much, many, one等不定代词时,只能使用“that”, 不用“which”.

  例:Is there anything that I can do for you? 我能给你做点什么吗?

  2、先行词前有两数,就用that定无误

  当先行词是基数词或序数词修饰时,只能使用“that”, 不用“which”.

  例句:

  That is the second time that I have been to Japan.

  那是我去日本的第二次。

  The two buildings that lay on the River Thames fell down last week.

  坐落在泰晤士河岸边的那两座大楼上星期倒塌了。

  3、先行词前最高级,还用that必无疑

  当先行词是形容词最高级或被形容词最高级修饰时,只能使用“that”, 不用“which”.

  例句:

  This is the most wonderful time that I have ever had.

  这是我度过的最美好的时光。

  4、句中若有there be, that应把which替

  例:

  There is no evidence that animals possess a mysterious sixth-sense allowing them to predict natural disasters.

  说动物拥有神秘的第六感,可以预知自然灾害,这是没有根据的。

  5、先行主中做表语,避免重复从句里

  例句:

  1)This is not the hospital that it used to be.

  这已经不再是以前那座医院了。

  2)Mr Thomson is not the man that he was.

  汤姆森先生已经不再是以前的他了。

  解析:定语从句的先行词均在主句中做表语。

  例句:

  Which is the course that we are to take ?

  我们要学哪门课?

  解析:句中已有which,后面不再用which,避免重复用that。

  6、先行词前有just/the only/very/same/last等词,关系代词用that,不用which

  例句:

  1) The North Pole is the only place that you can see polar bears.

  北极是唯一能见到北极熊的地方。

  2)This is the same bike that he lost.

  这就是他丢了的那辆自行车。

  注意区分:

  3) This is the same bike as he lost.

  这辆自行车和他丢的那辆一样。(但不是)

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